This third version of the MBI was developed across several occupations and countries, in order to assess burnout in all occupations. It was originally published in 1996 by CPP, but is now published and distributed online by Mind Garden (www.mindgarden.com/products/mbi.htm)

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The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and MBI Manual

Christina Maslach, Susan E. Jackson, Michael P. Leiter, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, & Richard L. Schwab

Thank you for your interest in the MBI for your research. The MBI and MBI Manual are copyrighted

publications that you must obtain directly the publisher. To obtain the survey items, scoring

information, and research manual, please contact the publisher, which is a company named "Mind

Garden". The easiest way to contact the company is to go to the website:

www.mindgarden.com/products/mbi.htm

From here you can order any version of the MBI (General, Human Services, Educators) in paper or digital

format. The easiest formats to use are the digital download option OR the web system service, which

make it easy to record responses for data analysis. If you have questions about the different options,

then use the "Contact Us" button to make your request and then a company representative will help

you out. Go to https://www.mindgarden.com/contact-us

Note that the User's Manual provides instructions for how to score the MBI. The Manual also describes

the research we conducted to develop and validate the MBI as well as some population norms. There is

a small charge for the Manual, but it can be quite useful for understanding how the instrument has been

validated in the years since it was first published in 1981.

... The findings of the selected research were then charted, analysed and synthesised to develop practical recommendations for industry stakeholders. (Schaufeli et al. 1996(Schaufeli et al. , 2002 What is the Difference between Stress and Burnout? ...

... Sleepiness, which is a direct result of the quality and quantity of sleep, is the only indicator of fatigue in many empirical studies, especially in studies of road safety (Moradia et al. 2019). The comparison is summarised in Figure 3 and Ahsberg (2000) Overall, fatigue is a short-term physical phenomenon and can be recovered from by a good sleep (Mantua et al. 2019), while burnout is more of a psychological phenomenon resulting from long-term, accumulative exposure to stress (Schaufeli et al. 1996). It might happen all of a sudden, but it is the outcome of a long-term accumulation, although the person might not be aware of it. ...

  • Andrea Y. Jia Andrea Y. Jia

The structures of construction projects and firms are enacted and interpreted by people in functioning job roles. People drive the construction process, which takes place in a socio-technical setting where mental health issues, fatigue, and stress manifest. The purpose of this chapter is to present an account of how job burnout among people in construction can be addressed through ideas for prevention and mitigation. A scoping study method was used to synthesise research findings in the past decades into actionable knowledge to inform decision-makers and practitioners in the industry. The results showed that, if people in construction are experiencing pressure from unfit job structure and organisational environment, they are at risk of burnout. When burnout occurs among people in construction, they are vulnerable to health and well-being maladies at personal and project levels, which needs to be addressed at both levels respectively. At the personal level, people in construction could suffer from aggravated mental and physical health issues, which can be managed through personal growth and resilience. At the project level, low productivity, absenteeism and employee turnover could hinder the completion of work, which can be resolved by job redesign and organisational resilience.

... Cronbach's Alpha ¼ .87; Schaufeli et al., 1996). ...

... We tested the convergent validity of the BAT in relationship with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Schaufeli et al., 1996). We tested the discriminant validity of the BAT in relationship with questionnaires that measure other aspects of work-related well-being (i.e., work engagement, workaholism, and boredom at work). ...

The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) represents a new measure of burnout that addresses the shortcomings of previous instruments. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the Romanian short version of the BAT. The sample consisted of 648 employees that completed the short version of the BAT. Of this sample, 117 employees also completed measures for other well-being indicators, job demands, job resources, personality, and organizational outcomes. According to our findings, there are strong correlations between the four core (exhaustion, emotional impairment, cognitive impairment, and mental distance) and two secondary (psychological distress and psychosomatic complaints) burnout symptoms. The scales presented appropriate reliability indicators. Results also support the convergent, discriminant, and construct validities. The Item Response Theory analysis showed a good coverage of the latent trait and the confirmatory factor analyses revealed appropriate fit indices. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

... The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Scale (MBI-GS; Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach, & Jackson, 1996) was used to assess workers' levels of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. The MBI-GS is a three-dimensional scale capturing exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy. ...

  • Roberta Rosa Valtorta Roberta Rosa Valtorta

This study explores the psychological effects of the COVID-19 emergency on workers employed in the supermarket sector by analysing their levels of burnout and the relationship between the burnout syndrome and employees' workplace experiences. A sample of 422 Italian workers answered a survey addressing the burnout dimensions (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, and professional inefficacy) along with perceived organizational factors and dehumanizing representations. Results showed that 32% of the respondents had symptoms of severe burnout, and 41% had symptoms of exhaustion and cynicism. More specifically, through cluster analysis, four burnout profiles were identified: "burnout" (high on all three dimensions), "engagement" (low on all three dimensions), "overextended" (high on exhaustion), and "disengaged" (moderate on exhaustion and cynicism). Each cluster showed a different pattern of correlates with the organizational and dehumanizing perceptions. Our findings contribute to the knowledge gaps of burnout and workplace experiences by providing insights into the ongoing health emergency among supermarket clerks. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

... Burnout was measured using a version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (Schaufeli et al., 1996) adapted for the Dutch military (Van Boxmeer et al., 2010). This specific version focuses on the exhaustion and cynicism dimensions of burnout, which are combined in one scale consisting of 8 items. ...

Coping with stress has been primarily investigated as an individual-level phenomenon. In work settings, however, an individual's exposure to demands is often shared with co-workers, and the process of dealing with these demands takes place in the interaction with them. Coping, therefore, may be conceptualized as a multilevel construct. This paper introduces the team coping concept and shows that including coping as a higher-level team property may help explain individual-level outcomes. Specifically, we investigated the effects of exposure to danger during deployment on burnout symptoms in military service members and examined to what extent this relationship was moderated by individual-level and team-level functional coping. We hypothesized that the relationship between individuals' exposure to danger and burnout is contingent on both. In line with our predictions, we found that service members who were highly exposed to danger, and did not engage in much functional coping, suffered most from burnout symptoms, but only when their teammates did not engage in much functional coping either. When their teammates did engage in much functional coping, the effect of exposure to danger on burnout was buffered. Hence, team members' coping efforts functioned as a resilience resource for these service members.

... To measure the OBT level of individuals, a 12-items scale was adopted from Schaufeli et al. (1996), a modified version of MBI-GS. Ranging from 1 "Never" to 5 "Every day." ...

By employing work as a calling theory, this study examines the direct influence of perceiving a calling on occupational burnout, the mediating effect of living a calling between the perceiving a calling and occupational burnout association, and the moderating role of job crafting between the relationship of living a calling and occupational burnout. The data were collected in two phases from 254 participants working in Pakistan's different organizations (i.e., manufacturing, banking, and higher education). To test the hypotheses, PROCESS-macro was used to test the relationships. The findings reveal that the individuals' perceiving a calling helps reduce occupational burnout. It indicated that living a calling act as a mediating mechanism between perceiving a calling and occupational burnout. Additionally, the study investigated that job crafting moderated the negative relationship between living a calling and occupational burnout and supported the mediated moderation results. By summing up, the present study highlights the importance of calling phenomena by unveiling the positive and negative aspects of certain mechanisms such as living a calling and job crafting that affect occupational burnout. Further, implications and limitations are discussed.

... Job Burnout. To measure the emotional exhaustion dimension of job burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS; Schaufeli et al.,1996) in the Italian version (Borgogni et al., 2005) was applied. Five items were used, for instance: "I feel exhausted by my work"; "Working all day is truly an effort for me." ...

... We measured exhaustion at Time 2 using the 5-item Chinese version of a scale (ω = .92; Lu et al., 2016) developed by Schaufeli et al. (1996). A sample item is "I feel emotionally drained from my work." ...

The experience of justice is a dynamic phenomenon that changes over time, yet few studies have directly examined justice change. In this paper we integrate theories of self-regulation and group engagement to derive predictions about the consequences of justice change. We posit that justice change is an important factor because, as suggested by self-regulation theory, people are particularly sensitive to change. Also consistent with self-regulation, we posit that experiencing justice change will influence behavior via separate approach and avoidance systems. Across three multi-wave and multi-source field studies, we found that justice change predicts employees' engagement in work via perceived insider status along an approach path, whereas it predicts employees' withdrawal from work via exhaustion along an avoidance path, after controlling for the effects of static justice level. Moreover, these approach and avoidance effects are bounded by employees' perception of their employment situation, consistent with a regulatory fit pattern. As expected, employees' perceptions of employment opportunity, which correspond to gains, strengthen the effects along the approach path. Meanwhile, their perceptions of threat of job continuity, which correspond to losses, strengthen the effects along the avoidance path. Importantly, our set of studies highlight the unique influence of justice change incremental to static justice level.

... Exhaustion was measured using the Exhaustion scale from The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) [50], which was validated on the Romanian population [51]. The Exhaustion scale consists of five items (e.g., "I feel used up at the end of the workday.") ...

Emotional exhaustion and other symptoms of burnout are often found among emergency services professions, such as firefighting. Given the social importance of this activity and the high responsibility it requires, prevention and alleviation of burnout symptoms become primary concerns in ensuring the well-being of firefighters. Although work meaning is one of the factors associated with a lower risk of developing burnout, its protective role has not been studied in firefight-ers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the buffering role of work meaning in the health-impairment process of the Job Demands-Resources model, targeting the relationship between job demands and related emotional exhaustion. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from a sample consisting of Romanian firefighters (n = 1096). Structural equation mod-eling indicated a positive link between job demands and exhaustion. In addition, deriving personal meaning from work was associated with lower levels of exhaustion in firefighters. A small but significant interaction effect between work meaning and job demands showed that higher levels of work meaning attenuated the positive relationship between job demands and exhaustion. In conclusion , our findings suggest that work meaning has a buffering effect on the impact of various job demands on job-related exhaustion. Nevertheless, the small effect sizes warrant further research on this topic.

Although it is common that employees can experience multiple psychological contract (PC) breaches with their employer over time, it is unclear how a past PC breach serves as a temporal context factor in shaping the impact of a present PC breach on employee outcomes. Integrating contrast effect theory and conservation of resources theory (COR), this research develops and tests hypotheses concerning how a past PC breach alters employees' reaction intensity to a present PC breach. Three studies were conducted to investigate the hypotheses. In Study 1, findings from 168 employee-supervisor dyads of a building supply company supported the contrast effect of past and present PC breaches. Specifically, when a past PC breach was low, a present PC breach had a stronger negative influence on employee organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Results of Study 2, comprised of 412 full-time working adults, found that burnout mediated the contrast effect of past and present PC breaches on OCB. Specifically, the negative indirect effects of a present PC breach on OCB through burnout were stronger when a past PC breach was low. In Study 3, 154 subjects participated in a scenario-based experiment in which past and present PC breaches were manipulated. Results supported the contrast effect of past and present PC breaches on anticipated future breach. Implications of these results for future PC breach research and management practice are discussed.

Résumé Afin de mieux comprendre l'apport de certains facteurs psychologiques impliqués dans la prise de décision, cette étude examine le rôle médiateur des états psychologiques (engagement au travail et épuisement émotionnel) dans le lien unissant le sentiment de compétence et le style décisionnel adapté. L'échantillon est composé de 201 dirigeants de petites et moyennes entreprises québécoises qui ont répondu à un questionnaire en ligne autoadministré. Les résultats indiquent que l'engagement et l'épuisement agissent distinctement. Seulement l'engagement permet d'expliquer le lien entre le sentiment de compétence et un style décisionnel adapté. En contexte de pandémie, qui met à l'épreuve la santé psychologique, il devient important à la prise de décision des dirigeants de non seulement prévenir leur état d'épuisement, mais surtout d'accroître leur état d'engagement.

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